Table 1 Studies comparing spray dried plasma (SDP) to antibiotics or other alternative substances
From: Spray dried plasma as an alternative to antibiotics in piglet feeds, mode of action and biosafety
Age of piglets (days) | Challenge | SDP dose (g/kg) | Observations for SDP vs. Controla | Reference Product(s) and dose (g/kg) | Observations for SDP vs. Reference Productb | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 | Uncleaned nursery | 30 | No differences observed | Egg yolk antibodies (2) | No differences observed | [36] |
60 | ↑Weight gain | ↑Weight gain | ||||
21 | None | 50 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Gain:Feed ratio | Colistin (0.12) + Lincomycin (0.044) + Spectinomycin (0.044) | No differences observed | [32] |
18 | None | 60 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Feed intake | Copper sulfate (0.2) | No differences observed | [38] |
21 | E. coli K99 | 60 | ↑Weight Gain | Colistin (0.3) | No differences observed | [30] |
Calcium formate (18) | ↑Weight gain; ↑Feed intake | |||||
21 | E. coli K99 | 60 | No differences observed | Colistin (0.3) | ↑Villi height; ↑E. coli | [30] |
Calcium formate (18) | ↑Villi height | |||||
20 | None | 60 | ↑Gain:Feed ratio; ↓Monocytes; ↓Macrophages in Peyer’s patches; ↓Macrophages, B Lymphocytes and γδ + T cells in lymph nodes; ↓Lymphocyte and cell density in lamina propria | Carvacrol (0.015) + Cinnamaldehyde (0.009) + Capsicum oleoresin (0.006) | ↓Macrophages in Peyer’s patches; ↓Macrophages and γδ + T cells in lymph nodes; ↓Lymphocyte and cell density in lamina propria | [37] |
21 | E. coli K99 | 60 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Gain:Feed ratio | Colistin (0.3) | No differences observed | [31] |
26 | None | 40 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Feed intake; ↑Gain:Feed ratio | Avilamycine (0.04) | ↑Weight gain; ↑Feed intake; ↑Gain:Feed ratio | [29] |
21 | E. coli K88 | 60 | ↑Feed intake; ↑Weight gain; ↓Specific K88 IgA; ↑Crypt depth; ↓IL-8; ↓TNF-α | Colistin (0.25) + Amoxycycline (0.5) | ↑Feed intake; ↑Weight gain; ↑Crypt depth; ↓IL-8; ↓TNF-α; ↓IFN-γ | [23] |
10 | E. coli K88 | 50 | ↑Weight gain; ↓Scours; ↓Mortality; ↑Villi height | E. coli K88 specific egg yolk antibodies (5) | ↓Villi height | [35] |
100 | ↑ Weight gain; ↓Scours; ↓Mortality; ↑Villi height; ↓Plasma urea N | ↓Mortality; ↓Villi height | ||||
10 | E. coli K88 | 100 | ↓Plasma urea N; ↓Scours; ↓Mortality; ↓E. coli K88 shedding; ↑Villi height; ↑Villi:Crypt ratio | Carbadox (0.055) | No differences observed | [33] |
E. coli K88 specific egg yolk antibodies (5) | No differences observed | |||||
Zinc oxide (2.88) | ↑Villi height; ↑Villi:Crypt ratio | |||||
Fumaric acid (0.02) | No differences observed | |||||
24 | E. coli K99 | 70 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Gain:Feed ratio; ↑Lactobacilli | Colistin (0.3) | ↑E. coli | [28] |
21 | None | 50 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Gain:Feed ratio | Colistin (0.15) | No differences observed | [11] |
22 & 32 | None | 50 | ↑Gain:Feed ratio | Colistin (0.15) | No differences observed | [11] |
30 | None | 50 | ↑Weight gain; ↑Feed intake | Chlortetracycline (0.11) + Sulfamethazine (0.11) + Penicillin (0.055) + Copper sulfate (0.25) | No differences observed | [12] |