Table 2 Percentage of contaminated extended semen samplesa in which different bacteria were isolated and their effect on sperm quality
From: Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen
Bacteria | Althouse and Lu. [67] | Schulze et al., [13] | Úbeda et al. [28] | Effect on sperm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
% of conatminated samples (n/total samples) | 31.2% (78/250) | 25.6% (88/344) | 14.7% (263/1785) | Reduced sperm quality |
Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 10.3% | 3.4% | ND | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes, acidic pH [44] |
Burkholderia cepacia | 2.6% | ND | ND | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes, acidic pH [44] |
Clostridium perfringens | ND | ND | ND | Poor sperm viability and motility [72] |
Enterobacter cloacae | 2.6% | 13.6% | ND | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes, acidic pH, decreased the osmotic resistance [44; 74] |
Enterococcus spp. | 20.5% | 8% | ND | ND |
Escherichia coli | 6.4% | ND | 1.5% | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes [44] |
Klebsiella spp. | 3.8% | 8% | 11.8% | Poor motility [28] |
Leifsonia aquatic | ND | 20.5% | ND | ND |
Morganella morganii | ND | ND | 3.8% | Poor motility, damage acrosome, poorer response to the hypoosmoic swelling test [28] |
Proteus mirabilis | 1.3% | 5.7% | 1.9% | poor motility, abnormal forms [28] |
Providencia spp. | 3.8% | ND | 9.1% | ND |
Pseudomonas spp. | 6.4% | 5.7% | ND | P. aureaginosa reduced total and progressive sperm motility, sperm viability and acrosome integrity |
Ralstonia pickettii | ND | 11.4% | ND | ND |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 15.4% | ND | ND | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes |
Serratia marcescens | 10.3% | 2.3% | 12.5% | Agglutination, poor motility, damaged acrosomes, acidic pH [44] |