From: Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed?
Route | Device | Immunity | Restraint of pigs | Average volume | Stress on pig | Pathogen transmission | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intramuscular | Needle | Systemic | Yes | 1–2 ml | Yes | Yes | Risk of needle breakage and introduction of other infections through needle puncture is high. In addition, this method is labour intensive. |
Intradermal | Needle or needle free device | Systemic | Yes | 0.5 ml | Yes | Only if a needle is used | Special devices and training may be needed initially. |
Intranasal | Syringe with or without adaptor | Mucosal | Yes | 0.5-2 ml | Yes Yes | Minimal | Perhaps difficult in breeding animals; localized or mucosal immunity may be a possible benefit in vaccination against respiratory viruses. |
Oral | Syringe, feed or water | Mucosal | No | Not applicable | No | No | Attenuated virus vaccines are needed. Pigs need to have access to the feed/water and need to be willing to eat or drink at vaccination. Water quality and feed ingredients may interfere. |