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Table 4 Overview of different vaccine administration routes. The subcutaneous route, as it is not commonly used, is not included

From: Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed?

Route

Device

Immunity

Restraint of pigs

Average volume

Stress on pig

Pathogen transmission

Comments

Intramuscular

Needle

Systemic

Yes

1–2 ml

Yes

Yes

Risk of needle breakage and introduction of other infections through needle puncture is high. In addition, this method is labour intensive.

Intradermal

Needle or needle free device

Systemic

Yes

0.5 ml

Yes

Only if a needle is used

Special devices and training may be needed initially.

Intranasal

Syringe with or without adaptor

Mucosal

Yes

0.5-2 ml

Yes

Yes

Minimal

Perhaps difficult in breeding animals; localized or mucosal immunity may be a possible benefit in vaccination against respiratory viruses.

Oral

Syringe, feed or water

Mucosal

No

Not applicable

No

No

Attenuated virus vaccines are needed. Pigs need to have access to the feed/water and need to be willing to eat or drink at vaccination. Water quality and feed ingredients may interfere.