Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. is influenced by production system, antimicrobial use, and biosecurity measures on Spanish pig farms

Table 4 Biosecurity scores (Biocheck.UGent™) for the different categories of internal and external biosecurity on 18 intensive Spanish swine farms

		Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max
^aInternal biosecurity score		64.6	13.6	66	40	86
	Disease management	80.0	21.7	80.0	20	100
	^cFarrowing and suckling period	64.2	12.1	64.0	50	86
	^cNursery unit	58.4	11.5	50.0	50	71
	Fattening unit	72.6	21.0	79.0	21	100
	Measures between compartments and the use of equipment	45.7	20.0	46.5	0	71
	Cleaning and disinfection	74.7	21.5	75.0	40	100
^aExternal biosecurity score		73.7	9.5	74.0	60	98
	Purchase of animals and semen	91.7	9.5	96	68	100
	Transport of animals, removal of manure and dead of animals	80.2	11.4	79.0	59	100
	Feed, water and equipment supply	56.3	17.8	53.0	30	100
	Personnel and visitors	63.1	21.7	59.0	29	100
	Vermin and bird control	72.8	27.2	80.0	10	100
	Environment and region	57.2	28.9	65.0	0	100
^bTotal biosecurity score		69.2	10.1	67.5	53	92

^aInternal and external biosecurity scores are determined by the weighted average of their subcategories. The score for each subcategory is given in a rank from 0 (worst scenario) to 100 (best scenario)
^bTotal biosecurity score is the result of the average of internal and external biosecurity scores
^cOnly six farrow-to-finish intensive farms were included in the study

ISSN: 2055-5660