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Table 2 Clinical signs used to calculate African swine fever clinical sign scores. The list was generated based on the protocol published by Galindo-Cardiel et al. [18] with minor modifications.

From: Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection

Clinical signs

Scores (0: normal, 1: mild, 2: moderate, and 3: severe)

Fever

0: < 39.5 °C

1: 39.5–40.5 °C

2: 40.6–41.0 °C

3: > 41.0 °C

Behavior

0: Normal

1: Decreased activity, mild to moderate clumsiness

2: Decreased external stimuli response

3: Markedly decreased or lack of external stimuli response, immobile, prostration

Skin

0: Normal

1: Body cyanotic areas (< 10%); minimal multifocal cutaneous necrosis and/or hemorrhages

2: Body cyanotic areas (11-25%); mild to moderate multifocal cutaneous necrosis and/or hemorrhages

3: Body cyanotic areas (> 25%); moderate to marked multifocal cutaneous necrosis and/or hemorrhages

Digestive system

0: Normal

1: Feces around the anus (mild diarrhea)

2: Feces covering posterior gluteus (moderate diarrhea)

3: Feces covering posterior gluteus with blood or extensive mucus (severe bloody diarrhea)

Respiratory system

0: Normal

1: Mild dyspnea (labored respiration)

2: Moderate dyspnea or cough

3: Marked dyspnea or severe labored respiration

Body condition

0: Normal, full stomach

1: Empty stomach, sunken flanks

2: Empty stomach, sunken flanks, loss of muscle mass

3: Emaciated

Total

From 0 to 18 (over than three scores considered as the pigs showing clinical signs)