Table 1 A summary of studies that reported IAV subtypes in backyard swine populations globally
Continent | Country | Serological methods | Antibodies detected | Citations | Molecular methods | IAV subtypes identified | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Benin | None | None | [25] | Real time RT-PCR | None | [25] |
Cote d’Ivoire | ELISA, HI | None | [25] | Real time RT-PCR | None | [25] | |
Cameroon | ELISA, HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [26] | Real time RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [26] | |
Kenya | ELISA, HI | IAV, H1N1, H3N2 | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [27] | ||
Nigeria | ELISA, HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2, H5N1 | [12] | Reverse transcription-PCR, real time RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing | H5N1 | [12] | |
Uganda | ELISA | IAV | [29] | None | None | ||
Asia | Bangladesh | ELISA | IAV | [30] | None | None | |
Bhutan | ELISA, HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2, swine H1N1 clade 1C.1 | [31] | None | None | ||
Cambodia | None | None | Real time RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing | H3N2 | [32] | ||
China | HI, NI | H1N1, H3N2 | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation | None | [23] | ||
India | ELISA, HI | H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [34] | Virus isolation | None | [34] | |
Indonesia | HI, MN | H5N1 | Virus isolation, reverse transcription-PCR, Sanger sequencing | H5N1 | |||
Nepal | ELISA | IAV | [37] | None | None | ||
Thailand | ELISA | None | [38] | None | None | ||
Viet Nam | ELISA | IAV | [39] | None | None | ||
Europe | France | ELISA, HI | H5N8 | [40] | None | None | |
North America | Costa Rica | None | None | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation, Sanger sequencing | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [24] | |
Dominican Republic | HI | H1N1, H3N2 | [22] | None | None | ||
Guatemala | ELISA, HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2, H3N2 | [19] | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation, Sanger sequencing | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2, H3N2 | [19] | |
Haiti | ELISA | H1N1, H3N2 | [41] | None | None | ||
Mexico | HI | Human H1N1, Swine H1N1, Swine H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [42] | Real time RT-PCR, MiSeq | None | [43] | |
Trinidad & Tobago | ELISA, HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2, H3N2 | [45] | None | None | ||
USA | HI | Swine H1N1 | [18] | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation, Sanger sequencing | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [21] | |
South America | Brazil | ELISA, HI | H1N2, H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [46] | None | None | |
Chile | ELISA | IAV | Real time RT-PCR, virus isolation, Sanger sequencing | H1N2 | |||
Peru | HI | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [50] | Reverse transcription-PCR, Sanger sequencing | A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 | [50] |