Table 2 Results of a survey on biosecurity and husbandry practices of 176 swine farms evaluated in Colombia in 2016-17. Variables and categories included in the study analysis, and their observed frequencies in the farms surveyed. Variables in bold italic were identified as potentially associated with IAV infection status in farms by univariate analysis by Pearson’s χ2 test (p < 0.05)
I. Farm characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable code | Variable | Variable categories | Frequency | |
V1 | Farm location based on regional pig densities | ≥ 10 pigs/km2 | 114 (64.8%) | |
< 10 pigs /km2 | 62 (35.2%) | |||
V2 | Near (≤ 5 km) to other farms | Yes | 87 (49.4%) | |
No | 88 (50.0%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V3 | Farm type | Breeding and nursery | 44 (25.0%) | |
Farrow-to-finish | 128 (72.7%) | |||
Genetic core | 4 (2.3%) | |||
V4 | Number of production sites | One site | 80 (45.5%) | |
Two sites | 40 (22.7%) | |||
More than two sites | 51 (28.9%) | |||
Not response | 4 (2.3%) | |||
V5 | Farm size | Small (100 to 300 breeding females) | 106 (60.2%) | |
Medium (301 to 1000 breeding females) | 52 (29.5%) | |||
Large ((> 1000 breeding females) | 14 (8.0%) | |||
Not response | 4 (2.3%) | |||
V6 | Total animal inventory | Less than 2500 pigs | 106 (60.2%) | |
More than 2500 pigs | 70 (39.8%) | |||
II. Biosecurity - Infrastructure | ||||
V7 | Floor | Concrete or washable material | 169 (96.0%) | |
Other | 4 (2.3%) | |||
Not response | 3 (1.7%) | |||
V8 | Quarantine area independent of production | Yes | 109 (61.9%) | |
No | 33 (18.8%) | |||
Do not have | 31 (17.6%) | |||
Not response | 3 (1.7%) | |||
V9 | Perimeter barrier | Yes | 159 (90.3%) | |
No | 17 (9.7%) | |||
V10 | Bird nets in swine facilities | Yes | 59 (33.5%) | |
No | 105 (59.7%) | |||
Not response | 12 (6.8%) | |||
III. Biosecurity - Cleaning and disinfection | ||||
V11 | Bench or entry system for all personnel | Clothing changing only | 5 (2.8%) | |
Shower, clothing and shoes change | 116 (65.9%) | |||
Clothing and shoes change | 43 (24.4%) | |||
None | 10 (5.7%) | |||
Not response | 2 (1.1%) | |||
V12 | Use of bench or entry system is mandatory for all personnel (staff and visitors) | Yes | 137 (77.8%) | |
No | 32 (18.2%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V13 | Disinfection system for vehicles at entry | Spray arch | 48 (27.3%) | |
Wheel bath | 7 (4.0%) | |||
Backpack pump sprayer | 95 (54.0%) | |||
None | 15 (8.5%) | |||
Not response | 11 (6.3%) | |||
V14 | Cleaning protocol between vehicle usage | Washing | 129 (73.3%) | |
Washing and disinfection | 32 (18.2%) | |||
None | 7 (4.0%) | |||
Not response | 8 (4.5%) | |||
V15 | Record vehicle disinfection at entry to the farm and after use | Yes | 129 (73.3%) | |
No | 47 (26.7%) | |||
V16 | Record routine disinfection of facilities | Yes | 115 (65.3%) | |
No | 61 (34.7%) | |||
V17 | Apply disinfection to the facilities after washing | Yes | 164 (93.2%) | |
No | 7 (4.0%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V18 | Down time of the facility after cleaning and disinfecting | Two days or less | 19 (10.8%) | |
Three days | 43 (24.4%) | |||
Over four days | 89 (50.6%) | |||
None | 14 (8.0%) | |||
Not response | 11 (4.5%) | |||
V19 | Quality of water for animal consumption is verified | Yes | 124 (70.5%) | |
No | 35 (20.0%) | |||
Not response | 17 (9.7%) | |||
V20 | After cleaning and disinfecting, the facilities are allowed to dry before use | Yes | 134 (76.1%) | |
No | 11 (6.3%) | |||
Not response | 31 (17.6%) | |||
IV. Biosecurity - Animal movements | ||||
V21 | Mixture of pigs from different origins | Yes | 21 (11.9%) | |
No | 143 (81.3%) | |||
Not response | 12 (6.8%) | |||
V22 | Other animals raised within the pig farm | Poultry and cattle | 17 (9.7%) | |
Poultry | 2 (1.1%) | |||
Cattle | 91 (51.7%) | |||
Horses | 8 (4.5%) | |||
Sheep / Goats | 1 (0.6%) | |||
None | 57 (32.4%) | |||
V23 | Other animals have access to the swine facilities | Yes | 44 (25.0%) | |
No | 119 (67.6%) | |||
Not response | 13 (7.4%) | |||
V24 | Source of gilts in the last semester | External (from other farms) | 79 (46.7%) | |
Internal (from same farm) | 80 (45.5%) | |||
None | 10 (5.7%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V25 | Origin of gilts in the last semester | Only one source | 99 (56.3%) | |
Multiple sources | 19 (10.8%) | |||
Not response | 58 (33.0%) | |||
V26 | Farm of gilt source | Genetic core | 106 (60.2%) | |
Commercial farm | 16 (9.1%) | |||
Imported | 3 (1.7%) | |||
Other (animal fair - market) | 12 (6.8%) | |||
Not response | 39 (22.2%) | |||
V27 | Quarantine time for new gilts | 20 days | 17 (9.7%) | |
20 to 30 days | 33 (18.8%) | |||
More than 30 days | 77 (43.8%) | |||
Not response | 49 (27.8%) | |||
V28 | Wash and disinfects quarantine area between batches | Yes | 52 (29.5%) | |
No | 123 (69.8%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V29 | Wash and disinfects gestation barn between groups | Yes | 37 (21.0%) | |
No | 138 (78.4%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V30 | Wash and disinfects nursery rooms between groups | Yes | 83 (47.2%) | |
No | 92 (52.3%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V31 | Wash and disinfects areas between groups of growing pigs | Yes | 100 (56.8%) | |
No | 75 (42.6%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V32 | Wash and disinfects area between groups of finishing pigs | Yes | 72 (40.9%) | |
No | 103 (58.5%) | |||
Not response | 1 (0.6%) | |||
V. Biosecurity - Transport and personnel | ||||
V33 | Independent vehicle to transport animals and feed | Yes | 101 (57.4%) | |
No | 21 (11.9%) | |||
Not response | 14 (8.0%) | |||
V34 | Record of vehicles at entry | Yes | 132 (75.0%) | |
No | 37 (21.0%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V35 | Specialized vehicles to transport animals | Yes | 130 (74.0%) | |
No | 39 (22.2%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V36 | Specialized vehicles to transport feed | Yes | 121 (73.3%) | |
No | 44 (26.7%) | |||
Not response | 11 (6.3%) | |||
V37 | Type of vehicle to transport animals | Metal bodywork vehicle | 75 (42.6%) | |
Wooden bodywork vehicle | 92 (52.3%) | |||
Other | 5 (2.8%) | |||
Not response | 4 (2.3%) | |||
V38 | Controlled access of visitors to the farm | Yes | 162 (92.0%) | |
No | 7 (4.0%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V39 | Workers assigned exclusively to each farm section | Yes | 146 (83.0%) | |
No | 27 (15.3%) | |||
Not response | 3 (1.7%) | |||
V40 | Down time for visitors before entering to the facilities | 24 h | 26 (14.7%) | |
48 h | 86 (49.0%) | |||
72 h | 46 (26.1%) | |||
None | 13 (7.4%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V41 | Records of personnel at entry | Yes | 129 (73.3%) | |
No | 35 (19.8%) | |||
Not response | 12 (6.8%) | |||
V42 | Non-shared provisions for staff and visitors | Yes | 155 (88.1%) | |
No | 12 (6.8%) | |||
Not response | 9 (5.1%) | |||
V43 | Transportation vehicles for exclusive use on the farm | Yes | 94 (53.4%) | |
No | 48 (27.3%) | |||
Not response | 34 (19.3%) | |||
VI. Biosecurity - Health | ||||
V44 | Control program for flies | Yes | 162 (92.0%) | |
No | 9 (5.1%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V45 | Rodent control program | Yes | 164 (93.2%) | |
No | 8 (4.5%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V46 | Medication and deworming protocols implemented | Yes | 133 (76.0%) | |
No | 28 (15.9%) | |||
Not response | 15 (8.5%) | |||
V47 | Record biosafety programs | Yes | 144 (81.8%) | |
No | 32 (18.2%) | |||
V48 | Record health care programs | Yes | 127 (72.2%) | |
No | 49 (27.8%) | |||
VII. Management practices | ||||
V49 | Ventilation system | Natural | 151 (85.8%) | |
Mechanic | 3 (1.7%) | |||
Other | 22 (12.5%) | |||
V50 | Frequency of technical assistance | Permanent | 34 (19.3%) | |
Weekly | 54 (31.0%) | |||
Biweekly | 25 (14.2%) | |||
Monthly | 52 (29.5%) | |||
Not response | 11 (6.3%) | |||
V51 | Type of professional providing technical assistance | Veterinarian | 145 (82.4%) | |
Animal science | 11 (6.3%) | |||
Agronomist | 6 (3.4%) | |||
Other | 3 (1.7%) | |||
None | 6 (3.4%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V52 | Frequency of biosecurity training of technicians and operators | Annual | 11 (6.3%) | |
Biannual | 41 (23.3%) | |||
Quarterly | 101 (57.4%) | |||
None | 9 (5.1%) | |||
Not response | 14 (8.0%) | |||
V53 | Tail docking in piglets | Yes | 169 (96.0%) | |
No | 18 (10.2%) | |||
Not response | 7 (4.0%) | |||
V54 | Breeding system | Natural breeding | 7 (4.0%) | |
Artificial insemination | 151 (85.8%) | |||
Not response | 18 (10.2%) | |||
V55 | Some method of castration (chemical or physical) | Yes | 41 (23.3%) | |
No | 127 (72.2%) | |||
Not response | 8 (4.5%) | |||
V56 | Type of food supplied | Feed | 170 (96.6%) | |
Farm-own made mix | 3 (1.7%) | |||
Not response | 5 (2.8%) | |||
V57 | Feeding system | Manual | 124 (70.5%) | |
Automatic | 37 (21.0%) | |||
Other | 7 (4.0%) | |||
Not response | 8 (4.5%) | |||
VIII. Other supplementary variables | ||||
V58 | Geographical location or region | Zone One (Córdoba, Sucre, Bolívar, Magdalena, Cesar, Atlántico, La Guajira, Norte de Santander) | 13 (7.38%) | |
Zone Two (Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Cundinamarca) | 149 (84.6%) | |||
Zone Three (Santander, Boyacá, Arauca, Casanare, Meta, Caquetá, Putumayo, Huila, Cauca, Nariño) | 14 (7.95%) | |||
V59 | Percentage of response to the questionnaire | Answered more than 90% of the questions (High) | 148 (84.1%) | |
Answered between 70 and 90% of the questions (Medium) | 26 (14.8%) | |||
Answered less than 70% of the questions (Low) | 2 (1.1%) | |||
IAV | Influenza virus infection status | Infected farm | 59 (33.5%) | |
Not infected farm | 117 (66.5%) | |||